hydraulic machinery

Hydraulic Machinery

Topic: Mean of Generate of Power
1. Hydral Power Plant
Hydral power plant is the source of effective.
2. Thermal Power Plant
3. Gas Power Plant
4. Tidal Power Plant
5. Solar Power Plant
6. Wind Power Plant
7. Geo - Thermal Power Plant
8. Nuclear Power Plant
9. Coal Power Plant

Topic: Hydro Power Plant
Main Component of hydro power plant.
1. Interception area (Dams, Weir or Barrages)
2. Conveyance area (Head raising tunnels or penstocks)
3. Power house (Turbines & Generators)
4. Disposal Work Down Stream Area

Note:
We must release some amount of water from dam to save aquatic live and surrounding area’s human life as for their basic need called as “Environmental Flow”.

Topic: Turbines
Turbine convert the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.
1. Impulse turbine / velocity turbine / Tangential turbine
2. Reaction turbine / Pressure turbine / Radial or axial flow turbine)

1. Impulse Turbine
Nossal are present to connertic the hyrolics energy into kinetic energy.

a) Pelton Wheel Turbine

b) Turgo Turbine

2. Reaction Turbine

Nossal are not present.

1. Impulse Turbine

a) Pelton Wheel Turbine

Pelton Wheel are used at that sites were high heads are available. In it jet axis is normal to the buckets of the Pelton wheel.

Equation of continuity

1. Nozzle

Nozzle is a converging tube at the end of penstock.

2. Spare Headed needle

Conical tube fitted inside the nozzle moving axially forward and backward. It control the flow rate through nozzle, but the dia-meter of jet remain constant for all flow rates. In field move it automatically move in governor any backward.

3. Runner

Runner is the thing which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.

4. Shaft

Shaft transmit mechanical energy from turbine to generator.

5. Casing

i. Casing is use for safety purpose

ii. Casing Splashing of water is limited

6. Governor

Governor is a major component that control the efficiency of turbine. Governor is a machine which is attached to spare headed needle and keep the rpm of turbine shaft constant equal to normal speed (No) even load are fluctuating.

Topic: Governing of Turbine

Governing in managed in a machine by using governer. Governing is necessary for the reasons:

1. To maintain highest efficiency of the machine (i.e. of turbine & generator)

2. To keep constant produced frequency of electrical energy (so cycle / second), otherwise electrical appliances will be damaged.

Topic: Efficiency of Turbines

There are three types.

1. Hydraulics efficiency = 𝜂ℎ

2. Mechanical efficiency = 𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ

3. Overall efficiency = 𝜂𝑜

1. Hydraulics efficiency

It is the % age ratio of work done per unit weight by wheel to the work done per unit weight supplied

2. Mechanical efficiency

It is the % age ratio of mechanical output to the mechanical input.

3. Overall efficiency

%age ratio of overall output to the overall input of a turbine.

𝐻=ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑒𝑙

Topic: Design of Pelton Wheel

 𝑃𝑜= output power of turbine

 𝐻= Head available at base of Nozzel

 𝑁𝑜= Normal Speed

1. 𝐷= Diameter of pitch circle = (Mean runner dia)

2. 𝑑= diameter of jet

3. 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑠=𝑁𝑗

4. 𝑁𝑏=𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙